Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Research Paper Example The government re-evaluated its pesticide policy to make it environmental friendly considering the book as a whistleblower. Without Silent Spring we would have still continued our poor pesticide policy reign without any room for betterment or re-consideration. When industrial revolution was at its peak, several people including Karl Marx warned about overproduction and the recession which will follow it. When slavery was at its peak, people like Harriet Beecher Stowe created works like "Uncle Tom's Cabin" which posed a moral question to the US population (Logomasini, 2007). Carson was the first person to raise a voice regarding environmental protection in her era. The first chapter of the book "A Fable for Tomorrow" describes a serene town which lived in co-existence with nature. The second chapter starts with the verse "The history of life on earth has been a history of interaction between living things and their surroundings". According to Carson, humans are just a part of nature. Nature is not created to serve the mankind and trying to control nature for minor comforts will only lead to major discomforts. Rachel Carson known as "the nun of the nature" was born in Springdale in 1907. She grew up beside a factory in a landlocked area. She studied in Zoology the Pittsburgh Chatham University and later at the Johns Hopkins University. After completing a Master's degree she worked in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Her natural writing interest prompted her to contribute to magazines like the Reader's Digest (Griswold, 2012). She wrote three best sellers prior to Silent Spring, "The Sea around Us", "Under the Sea - Wind" and â€Å"The Edge of the Sea". Rachel was affected with severe breast cancer and suffered a painful death. Silent Spring emphasizes the theme, using pesticides to kill all the insects will eventually harm the food and the soil affecting the food chain, getting rid of all the bird species. The spring filled with bird chirrups and colourful bu tterflies will remain absolutely silent. The humans consuming this food constantly will suffer from various diseases and the cycle of birth will be banned. Throughout the seventeen chapters of the book, Carson continues to explain how aerial spraying of chemicals affects the natural food cycle by eliminating all the insects totally. The harvest in certain seasons might be high, but the chemicals used to kill the insects stays within the food grown and causes various diseases like cancer, to the people consuming the food. "Unlike the natural process of chemicals coming into the world where the earth takes millions of years to adjust to it, there is no such time for the earth to adjust to every synthetic chemical introduced into the world" states Carson. In her third chapter â€Å"Elixirs of Death† she goes on to explain about the origins of DDT and how it had been thrust upon the farmers after the World War II. She claims Dieldrin as a poison 40 times more harmful than DDT. It was a commonly used pesticide used to kill vermin in many parts of the US. The fourth chapter â€Å"Surface Water and Underground Seas† explores how the water washed into the seas and oceans from the chemically affected land shrinks our water sources endangering the whole humankind. It affects the fish in the sea and the birds consuming them too. Though these types of massacres are not intentionally planned, it is important to realize the side effects of using pesticides for high yield. The

Ethinicity And American Culture Essay Example for Free

Ethinicity And American Culture Essay The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1850 was signed between the American government and the interim government of the military occupied Mexico which resulted in the end of the Mexican-American War. This was intended to bring peace in the disputed territory and the end result was that Mexico ceded a large territory to the United States and its size was reduced by forty-five percent. The land Mexico ceded to the U. S. is now a number of states: Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and California. The military government in Mexico received fair compensation for the territory. The treaty of Guadalupe paved the way for the way for the immigration of Mexicans especially workers to the U. S. this was necessitated by the United States’ need for labor to develop the newly acquired territory. Immigration patterns have been determined by American manual labor needs. The Immigration Process The immigration of Mexicans to the U. S. began soon after the territory was surrendered, the U. S. government sought labor from Mexico to build the railroad which was to connect all the new territory to the other states. Between 1850 and 1880 the U. S. government brought in 55,000 migrant workers from Mexico into the former Mexican territories to work on the railroad. The government preferred Mexican laborers because they were not entitled to any constitutional protection and they could work for substandard wages in the harsh conditions. The process of immigration began to peak up speed in 1910 when the Mexican revolution took place. After the revolution, more then 50,000 Mexican workers immigrated to the U. S. in search of jobs which they felt were better than those available in their home country. Changes over Time Change in the immigration process began to take shape in 1929 when American citizens massively complained that the illegal workers were taking up their job. The government responded by launching major crackdown on immigrants who did not posses the relevant immigration documents. This resulted in the forceful deportation of over two million Mexican of which about one and a half million had been born in the U. S. this was harsh as those born in the U. S. were therefore citizens by birth. The U. S however found itself in a tight spot when it got in World War II in 1942 which elicited the need for Mexican workers. The U. S. acted quickly to remedy the situation by getting into an agreement with Mexican officials and this was known as the Bracero program. Under the program guest Mexican workers would be allowed to enter the U. S. and provide labor on a temporary basis though they would not be afforded the labor protections accorded to their U. S. counterparts. The program run through out the period of World War II and went on up to 1964 as major Corporations had pulled string to ensure that the laborers continued to work as they wanted to cash in on the cheap labor. Since 1964 there was what has been referred to as an unspoken agreement between the undocumented workers, Corporations and the government. The government has intentionally failed to implement border regulations after being lobbied by major corporations which benefit highly from the labor if the immigrants. Though the agreement has been said to benefit all the parties which is utterly false as the immigrant workers are subjected to poor living conditions, are paid substandard wages and do not enjoy the protection of labor unions or practices. In 1986 three million undocumented Mexican-American workers were granted amnesty by the Reagan administration and this consequently made them subject to human rights protections, (Borjas National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007). Effect on Chicano Movement The Chicano movement was vastly affected by the immigration of undocumented as they were not officially recognized by the U. S. government. This meant that they did not enjoy constitutional protection like other American citizen and the movement’s job was harder as attempts at demanding for rights resulted in deportation. Mexican workers therefore did not seek the help of the movement as they fear that its intervention would result of their deportation, (Rosales, 2000). Conclusion The immigration of Mexican to the U. S. began with the need by the U. S. government to have cheap labor for building of a railroad through the territory acquired from Mexico in 1850. The immigration pattern has however been tied only to the manual labor needs of the U. S. as the government allows entry of undocumented Mexican workers when they are in dire need of cheap manual labor like during World War II. The pattern is also evident from the push and pull debate that rages on the undocumented workers. Reference Borjas, G. J. National Bureau of Economic Research. (2007). Mexican Immigration to the United States. Chicago? : University of Chicago Press. Rosales, F. A. (2000). Testimonio: A Documentary History of the Mexican-American Struggle for Civil Rights. Houston: Arte Publico Press. ESSAY TWO Some historians describe the Civil Rights Movement as a two-phase process of a southern movement to guarantee basic human rights and a northern movement focused on economic and social inequalities. In an essay, which incorporates lecture, readings and class discussion analyze this process. Introduction The Civil Rights Movement sought reform in the way the American society treated African Americans and it sought to change the perception. The movement originated in the urban areas of the south after large numbers of African Americans migrated from the rural areas and this was after the abolishment of slavery. The American Civil Rights Movement faced a number of challenges in its quest for equal civil rights for African Americans and other minority groups. This came in the form of legislation which promoted the injustices committed against African Americans by white Americans. The movement was therefore forced to employ different strategies and tactics so as to have its voice and that of its people heard. The movement suffered major losses in the road to the eventual attainment of those rights. The Civil Rights Movement refers to a reform movement of African Americans which sought to attain equal civil rights under the law for all people. It sought to have the abolishment of both public and private acts of discrimination and segregation against African Americans. The movement is said to have originated in the southern urban areas when millions of African Americans migrated from rural areas to the urban centers of the south. The Civil Rights Movement employed various strategies which included: nonviolent strikes, civil disobedience, marches, boycotts, protests rallies and freedom rides. The movement therefore focused on disenfranchisement and the Jim Crow laws in the south. The Civil Rights Movement in the south can be said to have been the most intense as it was in the south that African Americans faced the greatest resistance to their attempts to struggle for equal rights. The south had become the most notorious when it came to the suppression of rights of African Americans. The laws in the south permitted or required four acts of discrimination against African Americans. They included voter suppression or disfranchisement, denial of economic opportunities, private acts and mass racial violence and racial segregation which was first upheld by the U. S. Supreme Court decision in 1896 in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson. It was also in the south that most of the milestone events in the civil rights movement took place in the south which included the: Martin Luther king Jr. assassination, march on Selma, Alabama, Mississippi freedom summer and the Montgomery bus boycott. The south was also home of some of the most important literature to come out of the Civil Rights Movement like Dr. King’s Letter from Birmingham jail. It also home to important Civil Rights Movement landmarks like the Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Site. The latter also house a museum which chronicles the American Civil Rights Movement. The challenges of the movement in south emanated from the legislature passing of the Jim Crow laws which legalized segregation in all public facilities. This law meant that African Americans and other non-white citizens were designated different facilities this includes: lavatories, buses, restaurants, housing establishments among others. These went on to be adopted by most local government across the country and this turned to be a major challenge to the Civil Rights Movement. It was the successes of the Civil Rights Movement in the south which made life better for African Americans all over the United States. The civil rights movement culminated in the passing of the Civil Rights Act in 1964 and the Voting Rights Act in 1965 but of which were a clear symbol of the success of the Civil Rights Movement, (Williams Bond, 1988). Conclusion Despite the major challenges the American civil Rights Movement faced, it managed to succeed in its cause because of its strategies, sacrifices and it resilience. Some of the sacrifices the movement had to contend with included the loss of one of its leaders, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. who was assassinated. Though this was a major blow the movement managed to remain resilient and it was rewarded with the passing of the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act in 1964 and 1965 respectively. The fact that most of the Civil Rights Movement events took place in the south does not mean that the northern part of the country was not involved as activities like the march on Washington took place in the north. The march was the venue for famous â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech by Dr. Martin Luther King. The civil rights movement therefore came along way to achieve success. Reference Williams, J. , Bond, J. (INT) (1988). Eyes on the Prize: Americas Civil Rights Years, 1954- 1965. ISBN 0833514318, 9780833514318: Bt Bound

Analysis Of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein

Analysis Of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Possibly one of the very best works of literature of all time is the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. It is a worldwide known book, and there have been countless film adaptations, sequels, and retellings of it. As one reads this novel he or she will more than likely be able to relate to the story or the characters in some way or another. It makes a great analysis project also. Things that readers are likely to find when researching this book are the interesting way Shelley came up with the idea of the book, the differences in film adaptations and the actual novel, the view of both science fiction and horror in the book, the relationship between creature and creator, the different interpretive levels the story has to offer, and the way Shelley related a lot of the topics of the story to the political community. A very interesting topic to research when it comes to this novel is how it actually came into existence. The tale began to form in the year 1816 as a result of a ghost-story-telling session between Mary Shelly, her husband, and a couple friends when the Shelleys were in Switzerland. They decided to have a contest to see who could write the scariest story in one weekend. It took her a few days to get inspiration, but she eventually got her waking dream. She said that what terrified her would terrify others, and she needed only to describe the specter which had haunted her midnight pillow. The story and its monster-hero eventually became such a well known and popular subject for film and stage that many acquaint themselves with the creature before even reading the book itself. Most first-time readers shockingly discover that the monster remains unnamed throughout the whole book, and the creators name is actually Frankenstein. The novel can be difficult for modern readers to understand, with an older form of language and a plot that has less action or suspense than expected. Usually readers discover a much more intimate view into the lives of Victor and his creation than they would with the movies. Frankenstein is a novel thought of as both horror and science fiction. Although the reader is more than likely horrified and disturbed by the events that happen, Victor Frankensteins creature is not born by magic or the supernatural but by scientific principles. It is true that it is terrifying to think the morbid events in this story, but they are done in the name of science. For example, Victor gathers the dead body parts, but he is doing it to have supplies for his experiments. The very core of this story is the intensely bitter relationship between Victor Frankenstein and his creation. Victor creates the creature but is afraid of it after doing so. He completely rejects it and doesnt even give it a chance to show if its good or evil. Victor just automatically assumes that its an evil monster. At one point in the story the creature tells Victor to remember that he is Victors creature and that he ought to be his Adam, but instead Victor treats him like the fallen angel. This shows that the creature feels hurt by the way his creator is acting, and therefore may not be a monster. Perhaps Victor Frankenstein is the actual monster here. When one is reading Frankenstein the novel intends the reader to see Victor Frankenstein as stealing creative fire from heaven in order to make a creature, who most people call a monster. One of the only reasons this creature is even referred to as a monster is because of what Hollywood has done to the story. In spite of the creatures crimes, he is as much angel as he his monster. The traditional movies dont show the true side of the creature or the creator. There is a significant difference in Hollywoods depiction of this relationship between creator and creation and the original story. One way to measure the distance in Mary Shelleys daemon and Hollywoods monster is to try to imagine the film monsters being self-educated by reading Miltons Paradise Lost. The original creature does exactly that, and actually receives a great education. Unlike Victor, who has lack of imagination, the creature has great sensibility. As a matter of fact, critics normally agree that Victor and his creation are two halves of the same being, somehow divided against itself. This is how most critics believe the confusion came about in Hollywood giving the creature the name Frankenstein. Readers realize that, in the actual novel, the creatures sympathy far surpasses Victors. Frankenstein exerts a very strong hold on the readers imagination because it works on so many different interpretive levels. Beyond its appeal as a gripping tale of morbid horror, it is also a myth of technological arrogance showing what happens when man attempts to rival the laws of God and mother nature. Victors is the tale of an out of control ego whose drive for power is self-destructive in the end. From another point of view, it is the exploration and creation itself, both creative act and psychical birth, posing questions of responsibility and consequence. At a psychological level Frankenstein and the creature may possibly represent two combined aspects of a broken psychic whole, with the creature enacting murderous desires that Victor simply ignores. The novel also treats societys sin in blocking out disturbing aspects of human nature that challenge us to second guess what we conceive as monstrous. Is it that it resides with the creature, or does it reside with the denial of l ove that he wants? The story of the way Victor treats his creation remains part of a tale that has just as strong a message against humans acting outside rational thinking now as it did two hundred years ago when Mary Shelley wrote the novel. It can be directly compared to an irresponsible father refusing to take responsibility for their children. As strange or comical as it may seem, this process can actually be compared to how some of fathers are when it comes to sexual intercourse. He was engulfed in the idea of creating this creature. He was overwhelmed with the process leading up to giving it life, but when the creature came alive Victor realized what he had done and refused to have anything to do with it. This leads to a very popular question about the book. Is the creature the monster for killing and causing so much trouble over wanting to be loved, or is Victor Frankenstein the monster for not loving and taking responsibility for what he has done? Now, if one does a close analysis of this novel there is actually a lot to that the reader can see. In Victors attempt to create life in his laboratory, he makes a somewhat frightening being. At the same time the being has great sensitivity and intellect. After Victor does this deed, he considers his actions to be a crime against mankind. He thinks that he has crossed the boundaries of forbidden intelligence, and he realizes that he failed to take responsibility for what he has unleashed upon the world. In consequence, Victor Frankenstein places himself, and his creation, beyond all possibility of forgiveness and redemption. Its true that the reader can tell the Victor Frankenstein apart from his creature, but can be difficult to tell what to make of them. Victor Frankenstein is a young man who comes from a nurturing family, and the creature is something completely different than human. Sure hes made from human, but they were dead human parts. Hes simply made up of dead body parts that were brought to life by an electric current and the brilliance of a very curious student. The question remains as to the true essence and nature of Victor Frankenstein and his creation. It is hard to speak of them separately. The creature is Victors daemon and is type of manifestation of his subconscious personality. Victor probably never imagined how the birth of his creature would turn out or what consequences would result from it. There are actually ways that Victor Frankenstein and his creation can be compared to a plant, however this will require some explanation. There are basic properties that plants must have. The plant is an organism, starting as a seed, with the entire thing being greater than the sum of all of its parts. In its natural state, it grows and manifests. It evolves spontaneously from some type of internal source of energy. Its structure is organic whereas a machine is just a combination of things whose parts can be substituted. From a physical point of view, Victor Frankenstein is clearly a human being. The son of Alphonse and Caroline Frankenstein. While growing up, he is intelligent, sensitive, and a very responsible person who starts his education at the University of Ingolstadt. He has a huge enthusiastic love for the natural sciences. However, its this enthusiasm that eventually brings him to his own downfall as he becomes seduced by his own personal abilities to surpass the rest of the scientists that came before him. This all begins at the very moment he gives life to the creature he has assembled together. Starting from his creatures creation onward, Victor Frankensteins mental and physical well-being are terribly interrupted and continuously become increasingly unstable as he is aggravated and just sickened by the deed he has done. The most important thing, though, is Victors belief and overwhelming fear that he must not ever tell what he has done. So, he vows to never tell another soul of his doin gs, and can never again act ethically. Victor Frankenstein forfeits his integrity as a result of his experiment and the transgressions that it implies. Victor becomes more and more speechless and it gets harder for him to even communicate with others. As a very extreme result of his lack of integrity he is unable to testify during Justines trial, and he becomes responsible for her undeserved execution. In the creatures case, he is a manufactured being who was put together from body parts that Victor Frankenstein went around collecting from grave sites and crypts. The creature is made up of dead matter that is missing an organizational plan, and Victor has no idea of how or whether the disparate parts will even work. Victor Frankenstein just learns as he gets further into the construction of his being and makes adjustments as needed. The creature is being condemned to loneliness and he is rejected by all who look at him, but he is very sentient. The creature develops amazing language skills and eventually convinces Victor Frankenstein that he is obligated to at least create him a female companion. The creature agrees with Victor that he will go out into the wilderness away from all civilization forever with his wife, as long as Victor will create her for him. Its almost like the creature has stolen Victor Frankensteins powers of articulation and surpassed him as well. We really dont have any evidence of Victors previous rhetorical skills. The monster plays with the readers sympathies and, although one probably wouldnt uphold him for the crimes of murder and all of the chaos that he has caused, the novel allows you to understand the motives that drives him to do those horrendous acts. In the moments when the creature acts out of love and desire to be a part of the human civilization, the creature acts with integri ty. So basically, the monsters possession of human characteristics appears to be because of Victor Frankensteins dehumanization, blurring the distinctions between the human and mechanical being. Mary Shelley could have very well titled her work à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“One Catastrophe after Another.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Victor Frankenstein is in love with his own disastrous history and thinks about his creation all the time. The night of the creation is actually the fateful event to which all the other catastrophe in the story follows. So much hardship follows people in this tale, but Victor Frankenstein is the chief victim. Not only does he have to live with the fact that he created what he thinks is a hideous monster, but he also has to live with the fact of knowing that he is responsible for all of the grief that has fallen on the world from his creation. Upon reading and examination, one can see that this novel is deeply interested in a certain kind of social union; the political community. The book was written in 1818 which was the time period between revolution and reform. Mary Shelleys novel raises discussions and theorizations of the political community. In her novel Shelley engages with certain political debates by depicting characters who endeavor to attach themselves to others, like the creature. On Montanvert, Victor Frankenstein declares that there can be no community among enemies. This voices Shelleys belief that hostility and alienation are unavoidable characteristics of the human condition. It also draws some attention with the books preoccupation with building new communities. All of the characters in Shelleys novel long for companionship, whether it be longing for a father, longing to be married, etc.. So one of the principal tasks the story sets for the characters is the building of social community. In contemplating new communities on new terms, Mary Shelley uses her creature to interrogate the basis and boundaries of certain social groups. The creature, in a sense, represents a version of a man, put together by carefully picked out body parts, just as government is carefully assembled of different people. The creatures origins, however, meant that he is unaffiliated with others. He is looked at as a person but not a citizen. He isnt naturalized nor socialized with any certain community. He is the novels main community seeker. Because the creature is self-dependent and is related to no one he must seek out membership in different groups that dont rely on ties of intimacy, ancestry, or memories as a necessity for inclusion. However, what is very intriguing about Mary Shelleys novel is that she chose to stage the creatures searches for community and acceptance around the most intimate of social groups, family. Normally, it may seem that family groups are not candidates for trying to find acceptance because they are usually defined by special obligations and attachments. Choice has virtually no role in a familys organization, but Shelleys representative households are not solely private unions; instead, they are mobile and joinable. She uses family unions and the fact that the creature is an outsider to think through the problems of the value of affiliation, heredity, and sentiment as the basis of political commonality. Starting around the second half of the novel Mary Shelley further explores alternatives to familial bases for communal ties through Victor and the creatures relationship. Victor is not given the option of living in a creature-less world. Him and his creation are unable to flee from each others presence. They must confront the task of figuring out how to live in the same world together. They eventually meet on the Alpine slopes. It is there where they form the compact of Victor creating the female companion for the creature, as mentioned earlier. The compact here didnt last, but it actually is a crucial point in the book. It sets up brand new principles of connectivity with certain characters who normally disagree deeply with one-another. The creature begins to suspect that Victor Frankenstein cannot be entrusted to be a loving parent. He then presents himself to Victor as a person who has been deeply injured by Frankensteins doings; in doing so, the creature blames Victor for his act ions. The agreement reached at Montanvert produces a reality effect in the story. It is the moment when the characters different opinions and interests meet on a common political world. If one looks only at the surface it will appear that the creature solicits Victor mainly because he is a father figure when they meet. He refers to Victor Frankenstein as his creator and his natural lord and king, and to himself as Frankensteins own creature. Victor does not argue against these facts. He actually admits that he is the author of the creature. Victor admits that he is the one who has authorized the creatures existence. Back at the laboratory right before he created the creature, he was talking about how his new species would bless him as its creator and source. He was really looking forward to giving the being life. Even though Victor was horrified when the being actually came to life, he now seems willing to be moved by something like paternal care. Frankenstein agrees to hear the creatures story because he felt that it was his duty as creator to render the creature happy before complaining of his wickedness. Victor suddenly has a small amount of compassion for the cr eature that he has given life, he is prepared to render him happy by sympathizing with the creature and accepting his wish to just be heard out. However, a closer look of this scene shows the creatures true intent to appeal to Victor Frankensteins paternity as more strategic than sincerity. The creature seems to only coax Victor into temporarily forgetting his hatred in order to hear what the creature has to say. He placates Victor to buy some time in order to tell his story. In other words, he intends to soften Victor up before he makes the request that may very well decide their fates. The creatures tactic is very strategic. He has every reason to be wary of affective ties. What the creature already knows at this time is that sympathy isnt always given to other people, even if they deserve it. He learned this through the way people have treated him when he done good to them. It is clear that Shelley was making a reference to political strategy here. They get you to think of the sympathies and get your vote, just like the creature is getting Victors sympathy to coax him into making him a companion. So, after reading this it is very apparent that there are very many different things to look into when reading Frankenstein. When looked at closer the reader can get a deeper view of the lives of the characters. One may even be able to compare his or her own self to the story. Either way, Frankenstein is arguably one of the very best pieces of literature of all time.

Patriotism by Yukio Mishima Essay -- Yukio Mishima Patriotism Death

"Patriotism" by Yukio Mishima   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Death, in many places death is feared, taking one's own life is looked upon as cowardly and weak. This story sheds a different light on death; it shows the honor and respectful way of bowing out. To see the honor in death, one must understand the culture and the time period. The story 'Patriotism' written by Yukio Mishima shows a couple?s courage, love and faith as well as the man?s commitment to his country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the story goes, Shinji is a member of the Imperil forces. Shinji has taken an oath to fight for his country; his honor depends on his commitment. He will fight to death and risk his life whenever necessary to protect his livelihood. He's newly married and has even forsaken his honeymoon to fulfill his duties with the army. His wife has taken a silent oath, an understanding that her husband could die at anytime and that she too would accept the fate. This was traditional in Japan; her mother had given her a dagger so that when the day comes she will be ready to fulfill her commitment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Soon though Shinji and Rieko's Commitments to each other and the Imperial Force are challenged. Shinji is informed that his close colleagues and friends have been mutineers from the beginning. As the reality of death fronts itself to Shinji, he must decide whether to fight and possibly live or Take his own life and die. In the Japanese society this is an honorable way for one to bow out. This decision also weighs heavily on his wif...

Broadway Theater

Broadway Musical Theater The role of music has become increasingly important in Broadway theater. From the early days of theater in America, which quickly established itself in New York City, music has helped to create many successful Broadway productions. Vaudeville music, which was music hall variety entertainment, took root in the late1800s. It then turned into their theatrical revues, stage spectaculars consisting of sketches, dance, and songs with parody and satire in the early 1900s. In the 1900s, talented composers could gain popularity for their theatrical music in a very short period of time.A few such prominent songwriters are Irving Berlin, Rodgers and Hammerstein, and Andrew Lloyd Webber. Due to catchy show tunes and optimum locations in New York City, Broadway musicals are more successful then ever before, and they show no sign of slowing down. Colonial America did not have a significant theater presence until 1752 when London entrepreneur, William Hallam, sent a company of twelve actors to the colonies with his brother, Lewis, as their manager. They established a theater in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice and The Anatomist.The company moved to New York in the summer of 1753 and performed ballad-operas such as The Beggar’s Opera and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. By the 1840s, P. T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan (Musical theatre). After the Civil War, theater in New York moved from Downtown to Midtown Manhattan where real estate was less expensive. Broadway theater did not arrive in Times Square until the 1920s and 1930s. New York City’s first â€Å"long-run† musical was a 50 performance hit called The Elves in 1857.New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London, but Laura Keene's â€Å"musical burletta† Seven Sisters in 1860 shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances (Musical theatre). The length of runs in the th eater changed rapidly around the same time that the modern musical emerged. As transportation improved, poverty in London and New York diminished. In addition, because street lighting made for safer travel at night, the number of potential patrons for the growing number of theaters increased enormously.Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits and improved production values (Musical Theater). Vaudeville entertainment took America by storm in the late 1800s. These variety shows had musical, comic, dramatic, aerobatic, and juggling acts. Although Vaudeville’s popularity declined by the 1930’s, it gave a distinctive flavor to Broadway shows. Revues, which had their roots in 19th century American popular entertainment, grew into a substantial cultural presence during the years 1916 to 1932 (Revue).These musical variety shows consisted of skits, dance routines, and songs that often satirized current events and personalities. During he ctic times, both of these forms of entertainment became the way to â€Å"get away from it all† for a few hours and forget about ones troubles (Revue). By the early 1900s, Broadway musicals were in full swing. The great songs from these musicals involved almost all of the top composers of the day (History of). In many cases, after the composed songs were well established, a particular song was selected as the theme song for that Broadway musical. Unknown composers had the chance to become famous overnight.Often songs â€Å"caught fire† and they were in ranks with the most successful composers of the day. One of these great composers was Irving Berlin. Born in Russia, Irving Berlin was a composer and lyricist, widely considered to be one of the greatest American songwriters in history. In 1907 he published his first song, Marie From Sunny Italy, and by 1911 he had his first major international hit, Alexander's Ragtime Band (Irving). Over the next five decades, Irving Ber lin produced an outpouring of ballads, dance numbers, novelty tunes and love songs that defined American popular songs for much of the century.A sampling of some of the Irving Berlin’s songs are: How Deep Is the Ocean? , Blue Skies, White Christmas, Always, Anything You Can Do, I Can Do Better, There's No Business Like Show Business, Cheek To Cheek, Puttin' On The Ritz, A Pretty Girl Is Like A Melody, Heatwave, Easter Parade, and Lets Face The Music and Dance. In a class by itself, he wrote for his beloved country, God Bless America (Irving). Throughout his sixty-year career, he composed approximately 1,500 songs. Some other famous composers were Richard Rodgers are Oscar Hammerstein who collaborated on several Broadway musicals such as Oklahoma! n 1943, South Pacific in 1949, The King and I in 1951, and The Sound of Music n 1959 (Amer Spec Encly pp 472, 930). Andrew Lloyd Webber, a British composer, has seen many of his plays appear on Broadway. Some of his best known shows are: Eita, Cats, Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, and The Phantom of the Opera which is the longest running show to date (celebrating its 10,000th performance on Broadway on February 11. 2012), the Phantom of the Opera opened in the West End in 1986, and on Broadway in 1988. It won a total of seven Tony Awards including Best Musical.Phantom is the highest-grossing entertainment event of all time and the most financially successful theatrical show in history (The Phantom). In an era of stunning 3-D movies and impressive IMAX films, Broadway musical theater remains one of the most popular attractions in New York City. Few attractions match the excitement and spectacle of a Broadway musical. Featuring forty Broadway theaters, high-profile stage actors, and world-class sets and costumes, New York Broadway shows are must-see entertainment for travelers. Broadway theater is widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theater in the English-speaking world.Ac cording to The Broadway League, Broadway shows sold approximately $1. 081 billion dollars worth of tickets in the calendar year 2011. Attendance in 2011 was 12. 13 million people (HISTORY OF). Because music plays such an important role in Broadway theater, Broadway musicals are more successful than ever before. Works Cited â€Å"HISTORY OF BROADWAY IN NEW YORK CITY, BROADWAY THEATER, MUSICALS AND SHOW HISTORY. † nyctourist. com. N. p. , 29 May 2012. Web. 3 June 2012. . â€Å"History of Broadway Musicals: More Than A Century of Musical Classics. † americana-music-and-memories. om. N. p. , n. d. Web. 3 June 2012. . â€Å"Irving Berlin. † wikipedia. org. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , 28 May 2012. Web. 3 June 2012. . â€Å"List of the longest-running Broadway shows . † wikipedia. org. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , 26 May 2012. Web. 3 June 2012. . â€Å"Musical theatre. † Wikipedia. org. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , 31 May 2012. Web. 3 June 2012. .  "The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical). † wikipedia. org. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , 27 May 2012. Web. 3 June 2012. . â€Å"Revue. † wikipedia. org. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc, 18 May 2012. Web. 3 June 2012. .

England Labor Report 1800s essays

England Labor Report 1800s essays Our country is in a very diabolical state. We are going through a Jurassic change. We are moving along the roads of improvement along with falling down hill in some areas. Our industries are heightening but one thing we haven't come to mind about is the workers and there conditions. We shield our selves from what the workers go through. On may take a step into a factory and truly realize the horror. They see the face of suffering and pain. People are treated like dirt. They work for unlimited hours in an environment to what seems like a mud pit. The puddles of green water and the muddy uncovered floors, along with the cramping space is a true suffering. Working all day long in what seems to be the vast out limits of hell. The harsh conditions in the many industrial towns of England need to be fixed. The overall poverty level has heightened as well as the death rate for persons under 50. Many have come to investigate these poor conditions and yet nothing has been done to stop them, or improve them. Most industrious city's have relied on the poor to do the dirty work. This is totally based upon the working conditions in the many factories located all across towns in England. The factories are so dirty and unclean, it's like a pig sty. You would think that that the people inside the factories threw dirt around all day long. The dirt and unclean conditions have effected the health of many. In such harsh conditions how is one suppose to work? Not only is the condition of the factories effecting the workers health, the lack of food and water is also. Workers have to get through the day with getting little or possibly no food, and many of the workers had to eat the food and work at the same time. The food would then get all dirty, thus causing more health problems. The drinking water was found to be contaminated with dangerous bacteria's and several diseases. All these queries have a multitude of evidence to support it. These are only so...

Global Title Translation Essays

Global Title Translation Essays Global Title Translation Essay Global Title Translation Essay SS7 Tutorial Global Title Copryright SS8 Networks 2002 Before we get deeply into the subject of Global Title, it might help to get a very broad view of exactly what Global Title is. Simply defined, it is an address. But it is not an address of a node in the SS7 network (DPC, SSN). Instead, it is an alias for such an address that needs to be translated into an SS7 network address. With that definition out of the way, let’s quickly review what we know about SS7 addressing in general. To begin with, each User Part approaches addressing in a different way. The MTP (Message Transfer Part) has a job that is limited to reliably transferring messages over the links in a link set. That is, MTP only cares about the address of the node at the other end of the links it is tending. Therefore the only addressing the MTP requires is the SPC (Signalling Point Code) of the node at the end of its links. MTP sees this address as the Destination Point Code (DPC) of all messages it sends over the links. The only concern MTP has for any other location in the network is to be able to make use of the final destination of the message to help it pick out one link set from all the available linksets as the best one to use for sending the message. This is what MTP routing is all about. ISUP addressing is different. In normal Call Control use, ISUP addresses a switch at the other end of its trunk connections. For the SS7, this too means using a Destination Point Code (DPC). : But the switch ISUP talks to (which is the next switch in a circuit being set up or torn down) is not necessarily (and really not likely) to be located at the other end of its own SS7 links. The job of addressing all other locations falls to the SCCP. Actually SCCP could be used to address the same switching locations as ISUP. If it were used in this way, SCCP could be used for end-to-end signal routing in conjunction with ISUP. But since the usual switch-to-switch routing of ISUP provides complete circuit information for all switches along the voice path, SCCP is rarely used in this way. Like the other User Parts, SCCP can, and does, make use of DPC. This address alone can be used to get a message to any node in the global SS7 network in the same way that a telephone number can be used to address any telephone in the global telephone network. But SCCP addressing needs to go beyond this method of addressing. The reason is that at each DPC there is a â€Å"system† operating. That system may be a Call Control application or a database or some other program of some type. The problem is that within that system there may be multiple applications running. Thus a Signalling Point Code (which is addressed as a Destination Point Code) may be the home of both a Credit Card Database and an 800 Number Database. Using the DPC as the SS7 address will get the message delivered to the â€Å"system† but it won’t get the message delivered to the appropriate database application. For this purpose, a separate identifier of a system within the system is required. That identifier is the Subsystem Number (SSN). It may be tempting to think of SSN as a database identifier. And, indeed, an SSN will be applied to a database even when only one database application is available at a specified DPC. But, avoid the temptation. The truth is that SSN is also used to sub-address any location at which multiple applications are running. For example, a switch offering several features may use SSN to separately identify each feature. Think of SSN as simply an application identifier. That brings us to what you came for. The third addressing mechanism employed by SCCP is the Global Title, You might say this is the address used when the location requiring information doesn’t know the address. A Global Title implies the need for translation. Before you become too confused, let’s try an example. If you dial an 800 number, the switch to which you are connected becomes more confused than you are right now. The reason is that every number to which the switch can route has a geographical reference which the switch maintains in its own routing table. In North America, the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) provides the clues for that routing. So, for example, if you dial a â€Å"1† first, the switch knows it must make a connection to a long distance switch. The long distance switch will choose from among its connections to route the call into the region suggested by the area code. Then the routing goes to the switch in the appropriate exchange code. And, finally, that switch selects the appropriate line number. But you may have dialed 1-800-FLY-AWAY. The numbering plan is useless. The switch can’t even begin to make a connection. Instead, it sends a request into the SS7 network which essentially asks, ‘Will someone look this number up in an 800 database and translate it into an NANP number that I can route? Such a number is returned and the switch proceeds as if that number had been dialed in the first place. The switch can always get the information from such a database as long as it has the DPC and SSN of the 800 Number application in its SS7 routing table. But, therein lies a problem. Every day, new services are deployed into the SS7 network around the world. Some of them are proprietary and are, therefore, accessible on ly to the switches in the same proprietary network. Others are intended to be offered to other networks for a fee. So, here is the problem. If a service becomes universally available, does that mean that every switch on the planet needs to add the location (DPC) and identifier (SSN) to its SS7 routing table? Obviously if that were the case new services would spread slowly; and each switch would have to maintain huge tables of routing information. A better answer is to keep that information at a much more limited number of locations in the network (such as STPs) and allow the switches to identify their requests for information without identifying where, or from what applications the information can be retrieved. That means that when a switch wants a translation, it need only identify the nature of the translation needed (for example, 800 number to NANP number) and send the request to a location whose routing table tells it where such translations can be performed. A single location in the routing table of the switch (such a location as an STP) may serve to provide 800 Number translations, 900 number translations, Credit Card validation, etc. Even the first location which receives the request does not have to maintain a routing table of all locations on the globe. Instead, it may have a table which indicates that all requests in several similar categories should be sent to one location while requests in other categories can be sent somewhere else. All of this is possible because, with Global Title requests, the originator of the request does not need to know where or what application can provide the answer to the request. Global Title has even more uses. For example, the STP may be able to send Dialed Digit translation requests to either of two databases at two different database nodes. The receipt of a Prohibited signal (indicating the database is unavailable) from he SCCP at one of the database locations can tell the STP to change its lookup to another Global Title Table. The translation there, in turn, can result in address information used to send queries to the backup location The drawing below will illustrate the concept (but obviously not the coding) of Global Title queries. With the concepts firmly implanted we’ll move on to the actual coding. G Ro S7 S uti ng ou TR g t in r be um 0n : 80 es to nd ri Se q ue 00 -20 10 r be um 0 n to: 80 s n d rie -05 Se que 20 10 3 C 2 DP N 1 SS 10-20-00 80 GT 9 29 0 35 29 ? 8 GT SSP ? se 91 Respon 4 452 71 71 s Re ns po 00 359 292 0 1-80 A FLY WAY ? As an alias addressing mechanism, Global Title can obviate the need for ubiquitous ponderous routing tables. (Actually I just said that to see if you were still awake). It can also hide network assets and provide greater control for conditional rerouting requirements. e9 14 45 27 17 1 SCP 10-20-05 SSN 123 Perhaps the biggest mystery surrounding the use of Global title is the meaning of each of the fields in a Global Title message. We’ll try to destroy that mystery next. Calling/Called Party Address To begin with, this contains all of the information required to identify the originator and the intended destination of the message. To understand why these values are important it might help to examine the way in which a Global Title request travels around the SS7 network. 1. An SSP receives dialed digits which it cannot use to route a call in the PSTN (e. g. an 800 number). 2. The switch consults its SS7 routing information to determine where to send the numbers for translation. If there is no information about the SS7 location of the translation table, the query may be sent to an intermediate STP whose routing table indicates where to send queries for translation. The message from the originating witch contains fields to indicate the full nature of the query. Address Indicator Foretells the type of addressing information to be found in the address field. This can be a single type of address or any combination of the address types Signalling Point Code, Global Title (e. g. Dialed Digits) and Subsystem Number. This field tells the receiving node what kind of addressing information to look for. The following tabl e indicates the significance of each of the bits in the octet with the bits numbered in the order in which they are sent/received. 8 7 6 5 3 2 1 Network Routing Indicator Indicator (Nat/Int) Global Title Indicator Point SSN Code Indicator Indicator Bits of the Address Indicator The following tables list the contents of the Address Indicator bit by bit and indicate the significance of bit placement within the octet. Bits #1-2 xxxxxxx1 xxxxxx1x Signifies: The address contains an SSN The address contains an SPC Bits #3-6 xx0000xx xx0001xx xx0010xx Signifies: No Global Title included Global Title Includes Translation Type, Numbering Plan and Encoding Scheme Global Title Includes Translation Type Only three possible combinations of bits 3 through 6 are given in the table because the remaining combinations are either spares for National/International networks, are unassigned in the U. S. , or are reserved for future use. Since multiple address elements may be used, bit #7 is used to identify which of these elements should be used for routing, Bit #7 x0xxxxxx x1xxxxxx Signifies: An SCCP translation is required. Therefore routing should be based on the Global Title in the address. An SCCP translation is not required. Therefore, routing should be based on the DPC (found in the Routing Label) and the SSN (found in the Called Party Address. Bit 8 is used to identify the address as national or international as shown in the following table. Bit #8 0xxxxxxx 1xxxxxxx Signifies: Both the address indicator and the address are coded according to international specifications. Both the address indicator and the address are coded according to national specifications. At this point it might be helpful to further explore both the Address Indicator and the actual Calling/Called Party Address. In the text preceding these tables we spoke of the actual address before we spoke of the Address Indicator. We did this in the hope of helping you to understand the need for the Address Indicator. In the message itself, the Indicator comes first. This allows the receiving side to determine how it must interpret the data in the Address before it has seen that data. Following the Address Indicator comes the actual Called/ Calling Party addressing. As can be seen from the Global Title Fields of the Address Indicator, the first octet of the Address may be a Translation Type. The next octets may be a Signaling Point Code, and the final octets may be the actual Global Title Address itself. We have repeatedly use the word may here because, as you can see from the Address Indicator, the Address may not even be a Global Title. As you can also see from the indicator, when Global Title is present, it may contain a Translation Type, a Numbering Plan, and an Encoding Scheme. We’ll examine these values next. Remember that we started by defining Global Title as an address. Subsystem Number and Signaling Point Code are also addresses. The difference is that the Global Title is an address of variable length and, perhaps of variable format which requires translation. For example, the Global Title may be the digits that were dialed which the switch was unable to use because they were not in North American Numbering Plan format. Global Title Format Following a Global Title Indicator value of 0001 In the Address Indicator Address Information N u m b e r i n g P l a n E n c o d i n g S c h e m e Translation Type Octet 3 Octet 2 ( above) Octet 1 A glance back at bits 3-6 in the Address Indicator should serve to remind you that it can indicate there is no Global Title Address in the message. It can also indicate that there is a Global Title Address and that the address includes a Translation Type. Or, it can indicate that there is a Global Title Address and that the address includes Global Title Translation Type, Numbering Plan and Encoding Scheme The previous paragraph contains some of the terms which seem to provide some of the greatest confusion over Global Title. You now have most of the information you need to understand Global Title. With a little luck, if we can clear up these final mysterious terms, all the pieces of Global Title should finally fall into place. Translation Type Global Title can be used in numerous ways. Therefore the possibility for many different applications requiring Global Title Addressing also exists. Such applications may be unique to a specific network, or they may be in use so generally that they are common to numerous networks. When the services of an application in one network are requested at a location outside that networking, certain internetworking applications may also be involved to transport requests and responses between networks. For example, telephone calls can be charged using cards issued by service providers or by banks and other types of financial institutions. The caller is required to enter a PIN number when making the call so that an application can validate the card through a database application. This is such a common application that the ANSI standard of 1996 has defined it as the Identification Card Application Group and has assigned to the Translation Type byte the value of 00000001 (decimal 1) Other applications are becoming universally available, and, a a result both the most recent ANSI and ITU standards are beginning to assign values for these services so that they may be used as standardized values across the SS7 network at large. SCP assisted services (such as 800 number translations) are another group of universal services which have been assigned their own Translation Types. Despite the growth of such commonly used services, the standards organizations have resisted the temptation to assign all 256 values which can be represented by the Translation Type byte. Indeed, under the ANSI standard an entire range of values (11000000 to 11111001) have been set aside for internal network usage. The table on the next page identifies the assignments in the ANSI standard. Translation Type Coding Decimal Value 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 to 31 32 192 to 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 Notes: reserved* The value 253 has been used for network specific applications as well as for the 14 digit Calling Card application while the value 251 has been used for both network specific applications and for the Call Management application. ** The value 254 is already in use for some internetwork applications such as 800 service. Network providers not using this value are cautioned to consider potential conflicts before employing the same value for network specific applications. Byte Values 00000000 00000001 00000010 00000011 00000100 00000101 00000110 00000111 00001000 Application/Translation Group reserved Identification Cards reserved* Cellular Nationwide Roaming Service Global Title = Point Code Calling Name Delivery reserved* Message Waiting SCP Assisted Call Processing 00001001 to 00011111 Internetwork Applications 00100000 spare 11000000 to 11111001 Network Specific Applications 11111010 11111011 11111100 11111101 11111110 11111111 Network Specific Applications reserved* Network Specific Applications reserved* ** reserved Encoding Scheme With the actual address value data coming up, the receiving node needs to recognize how many digits it should look for and how to translate these values from the binary code. These four bits present that information. Code 0000 0001 Unknown Signifies: The address has an odd number of digits and should be converted to decimal values using Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) conversion. The address has an odd number of digits and should be converted to decimal values using Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) conversion. 011 to 1111 Spare The only remaining date preceding the actual address is the numbering plan (such as NANP) identifier. The purpose of this tutorial has been to explore the concept, use and coding of Global Title. In the course of doing this, we have not examined the entire SCCP message formatting of which Global Title is a part. Our reference here has been the ANSI T1. 112-96 Recommendations. For more information on the products on this page, visit our home page at ss8. com or come to adc-adapts. com SMserverâ„ ¢ Short Message Service Center (SMSC) for GSM and IS41 wireless networks. OTAserverâ„ ¢ Over-the-Air Service Provisioning (OTASP) for CDMA and TDMA wireless networks. CALEAserverâ„ ¢ SS8 offers the solution that allows carriers to meet Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) requirements today. Signaling Gateway There are a lot of gateways. But SS8’s distributed environment and high performance make for a stand-out in the field. Distributed7â„ ¢ SS8’s latest generation of SS7 development platforms is designed for high availability carrier applications. The clustered multi-host architecture enables SS7 to run on multiple computers simultaneously under a single SS7 point code. Distributed7 takes SS7 reliability beyond fault tolerant platforms. Connect7â„ ¢ Host independent controller board embedded with full Signaling System No. 7 (SS7) functionality. Easy7â„ ¢ The ideal link concentration solution for smaller networks. This mini-STP can be in the same room with multiple SS7 signaling points with the result that fewer SS7 links can handle your network traffic. For some, the pay-back can be astonishingly short.

Media Bias essays

Media Bias essays The media is biased. Now, every news company will tell you that they deliver an unbiased depiction of the world's daily on goings. But, every one of them is lying. While many people would raise an eyebrow to a statement such as this, if you think about it, of course its true. And, it is true for one simple reason: people love money. As the book so aptly puts it, "Television is big business," and big companies need to make money to stay in business. Television directors and producers select what we get to hear about, and they select the stories that will attract the largest body of listeners. Within this fact lies the most obvious bias of media bias. On television, ratings count. Producers for major news companies realize what sells, and that is what they show us. There is always an eye grabbing spin on everything. Take, for example, the books definition of the Bias against Losers. In the 2000 election networks early on described the two candidates, but did so unequally, calling Gore wooden and boring in personality, and having a lack of traction in gaining voters. Bush, in contrast, was depicted as "warm and easygoing." This is that bias. Remote control toting viewers would quickly lose interest in an unbiased display of political discussion, so instead the politics of the candidates are quickly touched upon, and then judgments both negative and positive are passed upon them. They do this to gain viewers, as the highest number of people watching means more money for the company via advertisements, and other sources of revenue. This is not saying that a network will pick a particular candidate or issue, and spin it in a complete ly one sided bias, and far from it. This can be seen clearly, again, within the 2000 presidential election. Following the primaries, where Gore was shown to be leading Bush, television companies changed their spin on things, now depicting Bush as ignorant for lack of pronunciation and other "trivial matte...

Racism in football Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Racism in football - Essay Example Racism in football has hinderer fair play, mutual respect, fraternity and peace needed for sports activities. Racism in football has caused public incitement to violent acts, hatred, enmity, public insults, dissemination of racist ideas, and symbols. Racism has caused serious violation of human dignity. Racism in the football matches has always found justices at the altar of emotional expression. Racism has made dirty the standards of football game. Let us look at some of the symbols of racism in football. Racism in football has its roots from the society. Racism in the football has manifested itself through public insults and violence that involves physical confrontation. Another very notable level of racial discrimination in the football game is the failure to acknowledge certain football players and other participants in the game, however much high in the game's ladder they climb. For instance, Arthur Wharton, a top professional for English club Preston North End in 1886, though bearing the title of the first Black Football player in an organized football, died poor and no trace of his activities records until recently when an acknowledgement of his activities came in form of a bibliography (Vasili 1997, p. 15). This was a vivid manifestation of racism in football. Football racism rampantly been manifested among the fans during a football match. This comes in form of flags. These are colourful and harmless club flags, but bear a very strong racial discriminatory message. This problem is common among fans supporting Italian, England, German, Holland and Norway football clubs. Other fans through objects at players they consider unworthy playing while the footballer is in the field. Some throw bananas and chant animal noises at black players. This aims at insulting the players that they belong to the bush and they are not different from the monkeys in the bush. Racism builds on skin colour as a physical indictor of ethnic origin. For instance, cases of trafficking young African footballers by the European football clubs is part of this colour based football racism. Racism in the football marches exists at two levels; overt racism and covert or institutionalized racism. Overt racism manifests through unfair treatment directed to migrants and ethnic minority groups with a weak position in a large society. Overt racism manifests in form of abuse to players from a certain race and display of anti-Semitic banners or chants characterized with stereotypic messages related to that particular race. Covert racism manifests in form of choice of players, referees and administrators in most European football clubs. For instance, there are very few members of the minority groups participating at the administration level of football clubs in Australia. Racial prejudice in football has social and psychological perspectives as it manifests itself from the fans' point of view. Racial discrimination in football games has been associated with fans' quest to settle old feuds, personal arguments and land disputes (Rationis 2009). Football hooliganism is associated with television casting of football marches. Football hooliganism relates with 'reclaiming of the football games by the working class.' Proletarianisation of the football game has had a great impact on the violent behaviour of the youth in the

The Impact of Environmental Management System on the Competitive Essay

The Impact of Environmental Management System on the Competitive Advantage of Organizations - Essay Example Several papers have been written over the years discussing the competitive advantages of the environmental model. Unfortunately, most of these papers are either too simplistic or cover only a single aspect of the environmental model. Thus, in-depth studies on EMS are of great value to the future developments of it being in the corporate world. While there is no dearth of literature on why and how adopting Environmental Management System (EMS) can be advantageous, no one has as yet analyzed the variously available kinds of literature to present a comprehensive view of what makes EMS competitive. This paper attempts to fill this knowledge gap by analyzing available literature. This analysis should give a comprehensive view of the various advantages of adopting EMS. Though attempts have been made to include as many journals as possible, including every available literature was beyond the scope of this paper. The analysis in this paper is limited to the most important literature on the i mpact of EMS on the competitive advantage of organizations. The remaining part of the report is divided into various sections, as follows: In section 2, a comprehensive literature review is undertaken in order to establish a theoretical background for studying Environmental Management System and determine key features of EMS with special reference to EMS as a competitive advantage for organizations. The research hypothesis is formulated accordingly. Section 3 deals with research methods and section 4 presents the findings revolving the research hypothesis, based on the qualitative research of the available literature. Then, in section 5, the research is concluded along with the limitations of the research. As mentioned, there is no dearth of literature on EMS and its competitive advantages. This is in part due to the ISO 14001 standard, a voluntary system which is an effective means of continuous environmental improvement for the organization.

Letter of Recomendation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Letter of Recomendation - Essay Example first impression of (Name of employee) was nothing extraordinary until he finally opened his mouth to ask me what he could be expecting to learn from this military job. In this first encounter alone, I knew that (Name of employee) was that employee who would flourish in the real world not merely because of what he is capable of learning but most importantly his willingness to learn from others. As I got to know (Name of employee) better, I would say that I am able to discover his values not only as an employee but at the same time as a person that I believe are ingredients to a good future law maker. In the simplest manner of how (Name of employee) is able to maintain his dedication to whatever task is required of him has impressed me especially because most people of his age would easily lose motivation and attention. Aside from that, I admire his maturity in dealing with conflict which is inevitable especially in working in groups. Despite different opinions from among his workmates, he is able to come up with a unifying resolution. (Name of employee) also possesses a lot of other admirable qualities that would be very significant in his road to becoming a successful student of the law. He is very diligent in his work and does not crack under pressure which is very important, considering the amount of reading required in law school. He is also very time conscious and knows how to balance his time for his family, friends, work, and fun. This for me is a good mix for a happy and motivated law student, instead of a burnt out law student which is common today. Being able to communicate one’s thoughts in the midst of pressure is indeed a quality that (Name of employee) possesses. I believe that this will enable him to voice out his arguments better in law school. Also, this is very instrumental in shaping him as a person, how he chooses to prioritize things and also his decision making that is not mainly based on emotions, instead with utmost consideration for

Religious Feminism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Religious Feminism - Essay Example The plight of women is generally evident in all spheres of life, both religious and secular. Even in religion, areas of authority are always of a reserve of men who dominate the creation of norms that determine religious traditions. When baby boys are born, it is considered a blessing than when baby girls are born. Most religious images are male which are considered a symbol of holiness while those of females considered idolatry. In this regard, patriarchy and sexism are aspects that present themselves in all spheres of life especially on high grounds religion where it should be least expected. Under religious representations, there are numerous proposals put forward by the feminist groups about language and image representations of God. Among them is the traditional representation of God as of male gender. When people refer to God, the metaphors used in describing the deity in this respect should be changed to show that God transcends human sexes and that the deity should be taken to represent all sexes on equal grounds. In this case the use of the term â€Å"God the Father† is not acceptable according to the feminists. In this regard, other propositions have been put forward to show God as a mother, sister, and friend. This can be seen as the second part in which images of God are supposed to be changed to be female so as to end the general notion that the use of female images symbolize idolatry. The proposition holds that since the deity makes of all of us including male and female, therefore its representation should include images from both sides. Besides, imag es of God as mother would not in any way stereotype God’s feminine traits. Another proposition is that God should be seen as relational. In this context, God should be seen as a central part of human life who is also shares in the experiences of human beings. By this, the deity is also part of women’s

How to implement a new strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How to implement a new strategy - Essay Example In order to prove their point in their article, the authors present the analysis of two different companies, DuPont Engineering Polymers and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. These companies â€Å"used the tools of balanced scorecard strategy management to guide the decentralized units in their search for local gain even as they identified ways for them to contribute to corporate wide objectives† (Kaplan and Norton). Quite a few things need to be taken into consideration when a company picks a management system. The authors feel that developing a management system with a balanced scorecard framework is the best way to start with a successful system. Three things should be considered when doing this; the customer perspective, the financial perspective, and the learning and growth perspective. Prioritizing is also important. Several companies have successfully benefited from this approach by picking three to five strategic themes in order to prioritize the different enterprises of the company. Collecting these strategic themes and ideas can help to give the company focus on what it needs to both work on and focus on when developing its strategy. Some important themes can focus around customers; for example, the need to lower cost for customers, the need to attract other customers that may be beneficial to the business, and ways to make relationships with customers even more important by cross-sell ing or providing them with other services that they may need. Executive teams will need to identify strategic initiatives that support each theme and make sure that the resources, mainly the money and the manpower, are there to support each initiative. Scorecard based systems can be very effective for companies. They can help to measure performance and link together goals within the company. These themes help the corporation focus on its goals and priorities. In order to demonstrate this, the article moves into giving

Business Law (company law) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Law (company law) - Essay Example In the event that partners or external third parties decide to file a lawsuit, in actual sense they would be suing only the company with the exclusion of investors/stockholders. They are not held liable for such matters as loans as well as other debts owed by the company. In contrast to them, investors, general partners, and sole proprietors are considered to be liable for such business debts all through. Limited liability is fundamental in the exclusion of certain parties from being held liable for such liabilities. Limited liability companies have a lot of advantages that I would say, arguably, outweigh the disadvantages regarding the same. It is therefore advisable that Robert, Sarita, and Phillip to start convert their company ‘IN THE EVENT’ into a limited liability company. The respective advantages of a limited liability company are as follows. The mere existence of a limited liability company provides for the limited liability security or protection to its own members or owners. This could be arguably the most imperative advantage of this form of company. They are basically not personally accountable for the company’s business debts and liabilities. Creditors are legally crippled to pursue the personal assets (houses, savings, and etcetera) of the business’s stakeholders in order to earn back their business debts (Macintyre, 2010). This is in contrast to many other contrasting forms of business. The only liability that members have to bear is that for the amount that they are yet to pay on shares. In the event that things do go wrong, the only losses encountered by the members would be the value of shares as well as any loans made by the members to the company. However, there is an ambiguity. The protection of limited liability companies does not go as far as to cover frauds. In the unfortunate occasion that creditors incur losses via direct fraud, there is no limit to personal liability. A limited liability company

Religious Feminism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Religious Feminism - Essay Example The plight of women is generally evident in all spheres of life, both religious and secular. Even in religion, areas of authority are always of a reserve of men who dominate the creation of norms that determine religious traditions. When baby boys are born, it is considered a blessing than when baby girls are born. Most religious images are male which are considered a symbol of holiness while those of females considered idolatry. In this regard, patriarchy and sexism are aspects that present themselves in all spheres of life especially on high grounds religion where it should be least expected. Under religious representations, there are numerous proposals put forward by the feminist groups about language and image representations of God. Among them is the traditional representation of God as of male gender. When people refer to God, the metaphors used in describing the deity in this respect should be changed to show that God transcends human sexes and that the deity should be taken to represent all sexes on equal grounds. In this case the use of the term â€Å"God the Father† is not acceptable according to the feminists. In this regard, other propositions have been put forward to show God as a mother, sister, and friend. This can be seen as the second part in which images of God are supposed to be changed to be female so as to end the general notion that the use of female images symbolize idolatry. The proposition holds that since the deity makes of all of us including male and female, therefore its representation should include images from both sides. Besides, imag es of God as mother would not in any way stereotype God’s feminine traits. Another proposition is that God should be seen as relational. In this context, God should be seen as a central part of human life who is also shares in the experiences of human beings. By this, the deity is also part of women’s

Business Law (company law) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Law (company law) - Essay Example In the event that partners or external third parties decide to file a lawsuit, in actual sense they would be suing only the company with the exclusion of investors/stockholders. They are not held liable for such matters as loans as well as other debts owed by the company. In contrast to them, investors, general partners, and sole proprietors are considered to be liable for such business debts all through. Limited liability is fundamental in the exclusion of certain parties from being held liable for such liabilities. Limited liability companies have a lot of advantages that I would say, arguably, outweigh the disadvantages regarding the same. It is therefore advisable that Robert, Sarita, and Phillip to start convert their company ‘IN THE EVENT’ into a limited liability company. The respective advantages of a limited liability company are as follows. The mere existence of a limited liability company provides for the limited liability security or protection to its own members or owners. This could be arguably the most imperative advantage of this form of company. They are basically not personally accountable for the company’s business debts and liabilities. Creditors are legally crippled to pursue the personal assets (houses, savings, and etcetera) of the business’s stakeholders in order to earn back their business debts (Macintyre, 2010). This is in contrast to many other contrasting forms of business. The only liability that members have to bear is that for the amount that they are yet to pay on shares. In the event that things do go wrong, the only losses encountered by the members would be the value of shares as well as any loans made by the members to the company. However, there is an ambiguity. The protection of limited liability companies does not go as far as to cover frauds. In the unfortunate occasion that creditors incur losses via direct fraud, there is no limit to personal liability. A limited liability company

Activity Based Costing Essay Example for Free

Activity Based Costing Essay Activity based costing (ABC) is a relative new way to allocate costs to specific processes and services. This system assures that the costs are accurately distributed to the products or services that generated them. ABC illustrates costs more accurately, giving management insight to the cost associated with certain business activities. ABC extends the decision-making skills of management by expanding on traditional costing (job order costing/process order costing) techniques. However, since ABCs introduction in the 1980s, many corporations are not using ABC, despite gained managerial decision making capabilities. Even by the mid-1990s, ABCs use has not spread throughout the accounting industry and its use is not obvious (Selto Jasinski, 1996). The following article will discuss the pros and cons of the ABC method. ABC is an extension of traditional product costing techniques. These techniques are called job order costing and process order costing. A job order costing system arranges costs for each unit as it goes through a production process. A process cost system collects costs in work in progress account. The numbers of units worked are recorded for the accounting period. These systems alone do not accurately illustrate costs incurred. Instead, these two costing techniques generally lump costs into 3 main categories (cost centers). These three categories are direct materials, direct labor and overhead. Cost drivers are then assigned to represent the relationship between the cost and the process it is allocated to. ABC provides a better map of the costs of manufacturing products or distributing services. ABC uses a multitude of activity centers, which are the equivalent to the previously mentioned traditional cost centers. Each of these activity centers has its own cost driver and driver rate. ABC identifies many different costs to products by adjusting the cost driver and driver rates to specific activity centers. This process avoids across the board allocations of cost. For example, a product, which takes up .03% of space in the warehouse, would require .03% cost absorbed by product sales revenue. If the depreciation unit requires 5% cost to replace equipment at a latter date, 5% is the driver rate for that particular product. Unit, batch  and product level costs can be determined with ABC. The following steps can summarize the ABC process. The first step is to identify the activities that consume resources and allocate costs to those activities. For example, purchasing materials, record keeping, labor, materials, miles driven, machine hours and number of customers served are activities, which consume resources and needs costs to be assigned to them. The second step is to distinguish the cost drivers that are related to each activity. For example, if machine hours an activity used in the process, then the number of hours used in production of one unit would be the particular cost driver rate. The last step is to allocate costs to products by multiplying the cost driver rate by the number of cost driver units consumed by the process. There are many inherent strengths in the ABC model. The ABC model allows costs to be allocated to many different activity centers. Few corporations can focus on undifferentiated product lines and be successful. Having multiple product lines means the company has multiple cost drivers associated with each different product line. ABC is helpful in selecting which products are successful and which ones should be eliminated. Accurate cost information is key in determining the actual costs of frequent product changes. This cost is important because costs can be a good indicator of the justification or termination of varying product lines. Product lines have become more complex. Product lines of past were much simpler. For example, the Model T Ford came in one style and one color, black. Today, Ford cars have many different colors and styles. These different styles all have different cost drivers and activity centers. ABC illuminates hidden costs when high volume sales are not present and product differentiation is. This is advantageous because unprofitable lines can be replaced with lines that are profitable. Not many years ago, labor comprised 25 to 50 percent of a products cost. However, since the 1960s, labor is increasingly less involved in the  production process. For example, the textile industry replaced 100-year old shuttle looms for European air-jet looms, doubling output with less labor. In steel, the Nucor corporation used continuous casting machines to yield labor costs of $60/ton verses traditional steels $130/ton. Labor cost today is infrequently the driving force behind costs it was during the development period of cost accounting (1930s). Instead, indirect costs have replaced labor as the dominant portion of costs for some products (Kelly, 1991). To use labor as the major basis for allocating as job costing or process costing accounting does, may lead to inaccurate decisions by management. The accounting profession has largely overlooked ABC. Among reasons cited for low adoption were employee resistance and the organizational changes essential with the use of ABC (Ness Cucuzza, 1995). Some trace the source of hindered adoption of ABC to technical as well as cultural issues. Others feel that ABC would be more widespread in industry if it were marketed better by the accounts themselves (Brausch, 1992). There are several reasons for ABC low adoption rate. Complexity is an obstacle to implementing ABC. ABC requires detailed records of the costs associated with producing products and services as compared to traditional methods. This detailed record keeping requires more effort from the accountants and is more time consuming. The complexity of ABC can contribute to more errors. ABC can require more time to check and recheck to uncover errors. ABC generally requires more effort on the part of the accountant verses traditional methods and reduces the adoption rate of ABC. Another reason for not using ABC is the increased economies of scale. Many corporations are standardizing their products to reduce the costs to manufacture them. For example, Coca-Cola distributes its products in many different countries. The product varies very little in respect to packaging and manufacturing. Traditional methods of accounting can assign costs more easily, quickly and accurately for those products that have little or no product variation. ABC is a valuable tool in calculating the costs of producing varying product  lines. These differing product lines require more extensive accounting practices than traditional costing methods provide. The information obtained from ABC can help promote product lines that managers feel are profitable between those which should be eliminated. Labor is less frequently the major ingredient in the production process. ABC addresses this concern by examining and illustrating the overhead costs associated with particular activity centers. ABC describes these over head costs more accurately and is beneficial when increasingly more complex manufacturing processes are used. Adoption issues should be addressed to implement ABC method when costing decisions matter to managers. Bibliography: ReferencesBrausch, J.M. Selling ABC: New Cost Systems Can Flounder if They Are Not Marketed. Management Accounting, February 1992, pp. 42-46. Geishecker, M.L. New Technologies Support ABC. Management Accounting, March 1996, pp. 42-48. Kelly, K. A Bean-Counters Best Friend. Business Week, October 25, 1991, pp. 42-43. Ness, J.A. and T.G. Cucuzza. Tapping the Full Potential of ABC. Harvard Business Review, July/August 1995, pp. 130-131. Selto, F.H. and D.W. Jasinski. ABC and High Technology: A Story with a Moral. Management Accounting, March 1996, pp. 37-40. 17

Analysis of News Reports

Analysis of News Reports INTISAR SAIF SALIM AL HASHMI Hard News – Court Drops Murder Charges against Mubarak STAGE ONE Introduction Hard news is a term often used by media practitioner or journalists to refer to the fast-paced information that is worth appearing on the newspaper front, usually a headline. This does not mean it is a controversial one, with topics of interest like business, political uprising, new transport system introduction that will reduce traffic congestion and other international news. It is argued that what defines hard news is not about the controversy in the subject matter but rather what some will call fast paced or heavy reports on it that makes it hard news. The term hard news is not of scientific and can be traced back to have been first used by the US journalists to classify various types of news. Since then, the two terms have found their way into the academic circles being used in journalism. Schramm (1949) was one of the first people to document the types of news as hard news or soft news. In this work, the hard news chosen is the acquittal of former president, Hosni Mubarak of murder charges which hit the headlines this week. It was reported in almost all mainstream media in the world and for the purpose of this study, we have picked only the three Omani newspapers; The times of Oman, the Oman Tribune and the Muscat Daily. This news is going to be analyzed in terms of the already set principles that make it newsworthy to be printed in the headlines. These set principles include; timeliness, proximity, impact or consequences, prominence, conflict, human interest. Timeliness This is the immediacy of the news item. Because news, become outdated quickly, it is better if a hard news hits the newsstands immediately and it happened in the case in which an Egyptian court acquitted the former president on 29th November 2014 and the following day, the newspapers reported it. This was a timely reporting and on the part of print media. Proximity This refers the closeness of an event to home. The concern of what was going to happen to the former leader, Hosni Mubarak was something of interest to the whole Arab world. Since the beginning of the famous Arab spring, people in the entire region have always focused to the events shaping the politics in the region. This kind of news is closer to Oman and therefore qualifies under the proximity principle. Impact or Consequences The impact of his acquittal is seen by many as a miscarriage of justice to the families of those who died in the demonstration that saw the former leader ousted. Others also see it as a relief to his supporters since someone who has led a country peacefully should not be humiliated when he leaves power and they argue he should retire honourably. The consequence of the news serves as a warning to those who think they should shame a president who has devoted his time to lead his people. Prominence This story carried on the three newspapers is about a prominent personality, Hosni Mubarak and Egypt, which is known place with rich historical background ranging from history of ancient education to the Pharaos and the Pyramids. The country is well known for the continuous and persistent demonstrations that hit its cities forcing their president to resign. This news is definitely of interest to many readers. Conflict The newspaper article also shows some kind of conflict between the supporters of the former president and the relatives of those who died. The supporters see the ouster and subsequent humiliation of Mubarak as not worth since there has been no change to the problems facing them and in any case, it has just gotten worse. The bereaved relative on the other hand view this as justice denied by dropping the case of murder against him. Human Interest The news is of human interest in the sense that people would like to know how the Egyptian democracy progresses after the ouster of Mubarak and Morsi. In fact, democracy has not been granted to the Egyptians since their democratic leader was dethroned by the military and since then, there have been demonstrations after demonstrations. Grading of News In Terms of Accuracy, Clarity and Style Accuracy The reporters have done this work accurately bearing the power such reports have on the people. This is because what they write can easily influence people’s decisions. They have done it so accurately that what appears in the three papers have no spelling errors. The news also doesn’t mislead the public or distort what the court announced. Clarity Since newspaper reporting is different from an academic writing, it should be brief and to the point. This is because no one has the time to devote to the news except to obtain information. Looking at these news reports, they have been written with the clarity that the journalism approves. The writers seem to have the readers in mind by using simple language, short paragraphs as well as short stories while avoiding no bombastic words. Style The designs on the newspapers are done in styles that beckon the reader to buy. They are arranged in layouts that are attractive to the eyes and this has the aesthetic value and ability to kill boredom. It also assures the reader of the value for money when the paper is still on the newsstand. Even though the primary objective is to report the news to the people, the three newspapers have been done artistically that is different from the old type of writing. The different fonts have also been used to appeal to the buyer. STAGE TWO HAND WRITTEN NOTES AND FLOW CHARTS ON MAJOR INFORMATION ON THE THREE NEWSPAPERS. STAGE THREE My own hard news Hosni Mubarak murder charges dropped by Court HIS TWO SONS AND 7 COMMANDERS ALSO ACQUITED AS JOY AND JUBILATIONS RETURN TO EGYPT. MAJAN TIMES REPORTER CAIRO An Egyptian court dealt a terrible blow to the relatives of those who were killed during the uprising by declaring that the former Egyptian president, Hosni Mubarak has no case to answer. Mubarak was accused of killing the protesters in 2011 during the uprising which saw the former president tender his resignation to allow the military takeover to manage a transition. His supporters went into jubilation when the announcement, which also cleared his former interior minister, was made. The judge also noted that charges should not have been preferred against the former leader. The relatives of those killed were not happy and one by one they started to assemble in the famous Tahrir square to oppose the move. They said this is a blow to the rule of law and miscarriage of justice. The sons of the former dictator, Alaa and Gamal, were also cleared of corruption charges. When a private radio station contacted him on phone in his hospital room, he remarked, â€Å"I did nothing wrong at all. And when the first verdict was read, I laughed.† Former president Mubarak The former leader also praised his three decades of rule which was what looked like a police state. There was heavy handedness in his last decade which saw many people with divergent views arrested and imprisoned. In his ruling, the judge said it was not fair to try him for the charges according to the penal code and insisted that there should have been no charges in the first place. Mubarak’s lawyer supported the ruling and added, â€Å"it is approved the Mubarak’s regime’s integrity†. This looks like the Arab spring and the efforts to bring democracy has been dealt a terrible blow according to some analysts. STAGE FOUR COMPARISONS BETWEEN MY HARD NEWS AND THE NEWSPAPER’S. One idea per sentence In the ‘Times of Oman’, the rule of one idea per sentence is adhered to since in the first paragraph, when the reporter writes about the court acquitting the former leader of murder charges on the 800 people killed during the uprising. Also in the second paragraph, he brings two issues but separates the sentences using a comma. This trend continues until the end of the story. In the Muscat daily, the same trend of one idea per sentence is maintained, separating the Mubarak acquittal, his ongoing imprisonment and the acquittal of his generals and sons. In the Oman tribune, the reporter maintained the one idea per sentence as we observe him writing about the dropping of corruption charges against the sons and separating it from the acquittal of the military generals so that these two or three ideas do not go into one sentence. In my own constructed hard news. I have maintained this journalistic requirement by preserving the one idea per sentence rule. Manageable sentence length (20 – 25) words per sentence In these three newspapers together with my own story, the sentence length is about 20 – 25 words at most. Though there are some sentences that are shorter than this but all the same, they are still comprehensible. I have also made sure that my sentences are within the same range of manageable length to avoid giving the readers hard time in comprehending the news. Subject verb order The subject verb order is observed in the following instances: in the Oman Tribune, â€Å" I did nothing wrong at all†, (The Oman Tribune 30 November 2014, p. 16) his lawyer Farid Al deeb said that the verdict was a good ruling in that it proved the integrity of Mubarak’s era. In the Muscat Daily, the sentences are of subject verb order for example, â€Å" the court also acquitted the ex-strongman of corruption charge†, (Muscat Daily 30 November 2014, p. 1) and the same trend can be identified in the whole story including my own version and even in the times of Oman. Use of strong verbs and active voice The tribune of Oman uses strong words such as ex-strongman, the Muscat daily also uses the same term but in my story, I avoided this because it may not depict what I really felt about Mubarak. There is a contrast between my view and that of the other reporters as it appears that he was just doing his own job. Without him, Egypt is not any better, it is worse than before. Use of simple and precise words There are very simple sentences which can be comprehended by any person who has learnt some English be it as a first or second language. The simple words like. â€Å"When I heard the first verdict, I laughed†, Rashidi also acquitted Mubarak of corruption charges for exporting gas to Israel†. (The Oman Tribune 30 November 2014, p. 16). Similarly, in my own hard news, I have written some short sentences like, â€Å" judge said it was not fair to charge him according to the penal code† Not more than three prepositional phrases per sentence. In these writings, like the Oman tribune script, we see sentence such as; â€Å" the court also acquitted the ex-strongman of corruption charge but he will remain in detention because he is serving a three-year sentence in related graft case†. (The Oman Tribune 30 November 2014, p. 16) They are only three in this case. In same news by the Muscat Daily, I met a sentence like; â€Å"seven of his security commanders, including the feared former interior minister Habil al Addy, were acquitted in connection with the deaths of some 800 people killed during the revolt† (Muscat Daily 30 November 2014, p. 1). The same prepositional phases are less than three. References Wilbur S., (1963), â€Å"Communication Development and the Development Process,† in Lucian Pye (Ed.) Communications and Political Development, NJ: Princeton University Press. Mass Media and National Development: The Role of Information in the Developing Countries. Stanford University Press. 1964. ISBN9780804702270. Roberts, D. F. (Eds.). (1971). The process and effects of mass communication (Rev. ed.). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. Appendix 1